Duration Of Diabetes Mellitus And Vascular Complications

Background:Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with disabling and potentially life-threatening micro-vascular and macro-vascular complications. Common risk factors for vascular complications in people with type 2 diabetes include hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, tobacco use and obesity. This study aimed to determine the incidence of macro-and micro-vascular complications and risk factors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Material And Methods:100 Patients with type 2 DM attending the medicine opdatShardaben General Hospital,were included in this observational studywho fulfille d inclusion criteria. Detailed historyof all patients was recorded including the duration of DM, risk factors for DM and complications of DM.Result:Incidence of DM was higher in males (56%). Maximum patients with diabetes were between 51 -70 years. 31% patients were newly diagnosed having DM, 36% had DM of <5 years, 24% had DM duration of 5-10 years and 9% had DM duration of >10 years. Mean fasting Blood sugarwas 186mg/dL. 78% had one or more micro vascular complications. Retinopathy was the most common micro-vascular complication (35%). The most common macro-vascular complication was coronary artery disease (44%). Conclusion:Retinopathy was the most common micro-vascular and coronary artery disease is most common macro vascular complication. Incidence of micro-vascular complication increases with duration of diabetes, while macro-vascular complications doesn’t correlatewiththedurationof diabetes mellitus.

Outcome Of Critically Ill Patients With Hypokalemia

Background:Hypokalemia is a common clinical problem. Potassium homeostasis is frequently disturbed in critically ill patients. Underlying diseases or treatments in intensive care unit (ICU) patients often affect homeostasis of potassium level in body. Hypokalemia can lead to lethal arrhythmia. Derangements in serum potassium levels in ICU patients should therefore be avoidedand monitoring of potassium is mandatory. This study identifie s various factors responsible for hypokalemia in critically ill patients in ICU.Material And Methods:Retrospective evaluation of data of 80 patients from march 2018 to february 2019 who were admitted in ICU anddeveloped hypokalemia, was done.Various factors responsible for development of hypokalemia were identified. Treatment response and outcome was evaluated.Result:Incidence of hypokalemia in critically ill patients was more in males. Diabetes mellitus (40%)and hypertension (37.5%) were common comorbidities associated with hypokalemia. Majority patients (70%) had mild hypokalemia. Insulin (37.5%), antibiotics (25%), b2 agonist (22.5%) and steroid (22.5%) were commonly responsible for development of hypokalemia. 62.5% patients were cured and discharged while 37.5% patients were died due to various complications.Conclusion:Multiple factors play an important role in development of hypokalemia in critically ill patients. Frequent monitoring of serum potassium is required in them. Severity of hypokalemia is associated with increased mortality in critically ill patients. Early detection and correction of hypokalemia reduce the overall mortality and improve outcome in critically ill patient.

Effect of Cage or Deep Litter Housing on Production Performance of White Leghorn Chickens

The effect of cage or deep litter housing on production performance of White Leghorn was investigated in this experiment. A total 144 pullets of White Leghorn were randomly assigned to two treatments as; Cage housing and Deep litter housing. Results revealed that body weight at sexual maturity was significantly (P<0.05) lower in birds reared in cage than the deep litter housing. Moreover, lower feed intake was observed in birds kept in cages than that of deep litter housing. Feed conversion ratio in terms of feed intake/dozen eggs or feed intake/kg egg mass was better in birds reared in cages than the deep litter housing. The average hen day and hen house egg production were not affected due to different housing systems. Egg quality traits like albumen index, yolk index and Haugh unit score were significantly (P<0.05) higher for eggs produced by birds reared in cage housing than the deep litter housing. The profit of about 20% was observed in cage housing over deep litter housing. It was concluded that the lower feed consumption and body weight at sexual maturity, better feed conversion, egg quality and economic returns were achieved in cages compared to deep litter housing. However, cage or deep litter housing had no effect on egg production

Conservation of Indigenous Cattle Breed

India, one of the twelve mega biodiversity countries in the world, is home to large diversified cattle genetic resources, having 190.9 M cattle and so far 43 registered native cattle breeds. These cattle breeds are specially adapted to different agro-climatic conditions of India and their genetic diversity is due to the process of domestication over the centuries. There is decrease of 4.10% in cattle population and 3.14% in cattle genetic resources of India as compared to the quinquennial livestock census. The exotic / crossbred population has been increased by 20.18% during the period of last census while population of indigenous cattle has been decreased by 8.94% during the same duration. The reasons for depletion of native breeds includes crossbreeding with exotic breeds, economically less viable, loosing utility, reduction in herd size and the large scale mechanization of agricultural operation. The native breeds need to be conserved for genetic insurance in future, scientific study, as a part of our ecosystem, cultural and ethical requirements and for energy sources in future. The indigenous breeds of cattle posses various unique characteristics such as the presence of unique genetic variation in HSP70 gene family, carry a ‘thermometer gene’ and presence of A2 allelic variant in cow milk, which makes them well adapted to the tropical climate. The conservation includes the preservation along with up-gradation (improvement) of the genetic potential and management of a breed for use in future. The effective management of indigenous cattle resources includes identification, characterization, evaluation, documentation and conservation. The future strategy should be to combine genetic improvement and conservation. Establishment of regional gene banks and people’s participation by involving breeders, communities, gaushalas, NGOs and other relevant stakeholders in conservation programs. For more effective conservation measures, proper coordination and integration among various agencies (ICAR, SAHD, SAUs, SVUs and Research Institutes) is highly needed. “National Consortium of Partners’ comprising different stakeholders should be formulated for conservation of indigenous breed resources with a holistic approach.

Superbugs causing ventilator associated pneumonia in a tertiary care hospital and the return of pre‑antibiotic era.

The rise in super bugs causing Ventilator‑Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity despite recent advances in management owing to the looming ‘antibiotic apocalypse’. The aetiology and susceptibility pattern of the VAP isolates varies with patient population, type of intensive care unit (ICU) and is an urgent diagnostic challenge. The present study carried out for a period of one year in a tertiary care hospital, enrolled patients on mechanical ventilation (MV) for ≥48 hrs. Endotracheal aspirates (ETA) from suspected VAP patients were processed by semi quantitative method. Staphylococus aureus, members of Enterobacteriaceae were more common in early onset VAP (EOVAP), while Nonfermenting Gram negative bacilli (NFGNB) were significantly associated with late onset VAP (LOVAP). Most of the isolates were multi drug resistant (MDR) super bugs. With limited treatment options left for this crisis situation like the pre‑antibiotic era; it is an alarm for rational antibiotic therapy usage and intensive education programs.

Physico-chemical and functional characterization of a high molecular weight carboxymethylcellulase from Cuscuta reflexa.

Carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) was extracted and purified from an angiosperm parasite Cuscuta reflexa free from beta-glucosidase and other enzyme activities. The molecular mass and Stokes' radius of the purified enzyme are 144 kDa and 44 A, respectively. The diffusion coefficient and frictional ratio of the enzyme were 5.15 x 10(-7) cm2/sec and 1.27. The SDS-PAGE revealed homotetrameric nature of the enzyme with a subunit molecular mass of 35 +/- 1 kDa. Titration against DTNB and NBS revealed 19 sulfhydryl groups and 8 tryptophan groups, respectively, per mole of the enzyme. A sharp pH optimum at 5.0 was obtained. Cuscuta CMCase activity is unique amongst plant endoglucanases in being stimulated by Mg2+ and Mn2+ ions and by various thiols. Reaction product analysis, mode of enzyme action and substrate specificity test suggest the endo- nature of the purified CMCase. The enzyme showed K(m) value of 26 +/- 1 mg/ml for carboxymethylcellulose (sodium salt).

In vivo and in vitro measurement of cell mediated immunity in Marek's disease: role of reticuloendothelial system.

Dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) contact-sensitivity test and leucocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) test were performed in this study as in vivo and in vitro tests to measure the cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in chickens subjected to stimulation of reticuloendothelial (RE) system, depletion of RE system and other experimental groups after being challenged with Marek's disease (MD) virus. It was found that CMI was lower in the birds with depleted RE system and infected control birds, whereas CMI was higher in the birds with activated RE system and vaccinated birds as revealed by DNFB contact-sensitivity test. In cases of LAI test, the number of LAI-positive birds were highest in the chicks with depleted RE system particularly in 3rd and 4th month of age, when the incidence of MD was also maximum.